Disruptiveness index

A bibliometric measure that quantifies the degree to which a scientific paper disrupts or consolidates existing knowledge. Calculated from citation patterns, it ranges from -1 (fully consolidating, where subsequent papers always cite both the focal paper and its references) to 1 (fully disruptive, where subsequent papers cite only the focal paper and not its references). A higher score indicates that future work treats the paper as a standalone contribution rather than as an extension of prior work. Research has shown that disruptiveness across science has been declining over time, with HCI declining faster than the global average.