Affective Captions

Captions that convey not only the spoken words but also the emotional qualities of speech — such as valence (positive vs. negative tone) and arousal (intensity) — typically through typographic modulations like font-color, font-weight, or font-size, and increasingly through additional modalities such as haptic feedback. The goal is to restore paralinguistic cues that d/Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing viewers cannot access from vocal tone alone, thereby improving narrative engagement and emotional understanding of audio-visual content.