Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
45 results found in Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
- Acoustic Activity Recognition (Sound Activity Recognition, Audio Activity Recognition, Environmental Sound Recognition)
- The use of microphones and machine learning to automatically identify and classify sounds occurring in an environment, such as doorbells, alarms, appliances, speech, and other everyday acoustic events…
- Affective Captions (Affective Captioning, Emotive Captions)
- Captions that convey not only the spoken words but also the emotional qualities of speech — such as valence (positive vs. negative tone) and arousal (intensity) — typically through typographic modulat…
- Assistive Listening Device (ALD, Hearing Assistive Technology)
- Any device designed to improve audibility for a person with hearing loss, beyond or in addition to a hearing aid or cochlear implant. Common examples include personal amplifiers, FM and radio-frequenc…
- Audio-Language Model (ALM, Audio LLM)
- A multimodal artificial intelligence model that jointly processes audio signals and natural language text, enabling it to generate detailed textual descriptions of audio content, answer questions abou…
- Auditory Scene Analysis (ASA, Computational Auditory Scene Analysis)
- The process by which the auditory system organizes and interprets complex mixtures of sounds into distinct perceptual events or streams, allowing listeners to separate and identify individual sound so…
- Automatic Caption Evaluation (ACE, ACE Framework, ACE Metric)
- A caption-quality evaluation framework introduced by Sushant Kafle and Matt Huenerfauth (2017-2018) that scores automatically generated captions based on their usability for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing r…
- Bilingual Education (Bilingual-Bicultural Education, Bi-Bi Education)
- Bilingual education in the context of deaf education refers to teaching approaches that use both sign language and the written form of a spoken language as languages of instruction. Often called bilin…
- Bilingual-Bicultural Education (Bi-Bi Education, Bilingual Bicultural Education)
- Bilingual-bicultural (Bi-Bi) education is an approach to Deaf education in which children learn in both a natural sign language (e.g., ASL, BSL, LSF, LGP) as a first language and the surrounding writt…
- Bone conduction (Bone conduction hearing, Bone anchored hearing)
- Bone conduction is a method of sound transmission that delivers audio vibrations through the bones of the skull directly to the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ear. Bone conduction technolog…
- C-Print (C-Print Pro)
- A meaning-for-meaning real-time captioning service where a trained captioner produces a condensed transcription of spoken classroom content, as opposed to the verbatim word-for-word transcription prov…
- CART (Communication Access Realtime Translation, Real-Time Captioning, Realtime Captioning)
- A professional service providing instant, verbatim text display of spoken content, typically delivered by trained stenographers using specialized equipment. CART achieves accuracy rates of 98% or high…
- Caption Flow (Captioning Flow, Text Flow)
- The smoothness and regularity with which caption text appears and updates on screen during real-time captioning. Good caption flow means text arrives at a consistent pace without jarring delays, sudde…
- Caption Quality (Subtitle Quality)
- The overall fitness of a set of captions or subtitles for their intended accessibility purpose. Quality is multi-dimensional: it includes text accuracy (whether spoken words are correctly transcribed,…
- Captioning (Captions, Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, SDH)
- The process of displaying synchronized text on screen that represents spoken dialogue, sound effects, and other audio information in video content. Unlike subtitles, captions are specifically designed…
- Collective Communication Access (CCA)
- A framework developed by McDonnell et al. (2023) that reconceptualises communication access as a shared, co-constructed practice distributed across everyone involved in an interaction, rather than as …
- Deaf Education (Deaf Pedagogy, Education of the Deaf)
- Deaf education encompasses the teaching methods, curricula, and educational systems designed to meet the learning needs of deaf and hard of hearing students. It spans a range of approaches from oral m…
- DeafSpace (Deaf Space, Deaf Geography)
- A design philosophy and set of architectural and spatial principles developed from understanding how deaf people experience and navigate physical and digital environments. DeafSpace considers factors …
- Environmental Sound (Ambient Sound, Non-Speech Audio)
- Any auditory information in a person's surroundings that is not speech, including sounds from appliances, alarms, animals, doorbells, traffic, weather, and other environmental sources. For deaf and ha…
- French Sign Language (LSF, Langue des Signes Française)
- French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Française, or LSF) is the primary sign language used by the Deaf community in France. Legally recognized by the French Handicap Law of 2005 as having educationa…
- Keyword Reading Strategy (Content Word Strategy)
- The keyword reading strategy is a sentence-comprehension approach in which a reader focuses primarily on high-content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) to derive the meaning of a sentence,…