Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
125 results found in deaf and hard of hearing.
- Live Captioning (Real-Time Captioning, CART)
- The process of creating captions in real time as audio content is being produced, rather than from a pre-existing script. Live captioning is used in television news broadcasts, live events, videoconfe…
- Live Captions (Google Live Caption, Automatic Captions)
- An Android accessibility feature that automatically generates real-time captions for any audio playing on the device, including videos, podcasts, phone calls, and video meetings. Unlike Live Transcrib…
- Live Transcribe (Google Live Transcribe)
- An Android accessibility feature developed by Google that provides real-time speech-to-text transcription, displaying spoken words as text on the smartphone screen. Live Transcribe supports over 80 la…
- Logocentrism
- In captioning studies, the systematic prioritization of speech and spoken language over non-speech sounds in captioning practices and technologies. Logocentrism in captioning manifests as speech capti…
- Mixed DHH-Hearing Communication (DHH-Hearing Interaction, Cross-Hearing Status Communication)
- Communication that occurs between Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals and hearing individuals, particularly in settings where spoken language is the primary mode. These interactions present uniq…
- Mixed Hearing Groups (Mixed Hearing Settings, Mixed Ability Hearing Groups)
- Groups that include people with different hearing abilities, typically d/Deaf individuals, hard of hearing individuals, hearing individuals, and sign language interpreters communicating together. Mixe…
- Mixed-Hearing Environment (Mixed-Ability Hearing Space, Mixed-Hearing Performance Space)
- A setting in which people with varying levels of hearing ability—including Deaf, Hard of Hearing, and hearing individuals—participate together in shared activities such as music performance, collabora…
- Music Accessibility (Accessible Music, Musical Accessibility)
- The practice of making musical experiences — including listening, performing, composing, and learning — available to people with disabilities. Music accessibility encompasses a wide range of approache…
- Musical Accessibility (Music Accessibility)
- The design and practice of making music creation, performance, learning, and appreciation available to people with disabilities. Musical accessibility spans multiple research communities including Hum…
- Non-Speech Sounds (Non-Speech Audio, Sound Effects)
- Auditory content in media that is not spoken dialogue, including music, environmental noises, sound effects, laughter, applause, and other ambient sounds. Non-speech sounds carry important narrative, …
- Non-manual markers (NMM, Non-manual signals, Facial grammar)
- Linguistic features in sign languages that are conveyed through facial expressions, head tilts, eye gaze direction, mouth movements, and body posture rather than through hand signs. Non-manual markers…
- Open Captions (Burned-in Captions, Hard-coded Captions)
- Captions that are permanently embedded into a video and cannot be turned off by the viewer. Unlike closed captions, which can be toggled on or off, open captions are always visible as part of the vide…
- Paralinguistic Features (Prosodic Cues, Non-Verbal Speech Features)
- Aspects of spoken communication that convey meaning beyond the literal words, including pitch, loudness, rhythm, tone, and emotional affect. These features are critical for understanding speaker inten…
- Post-lingual Deafness (Post-linguistic Deafness, Acquired Deafness, Late-Onset Deafness)
- Deafness that occurs after a person has acquired spoken language, meaning they have existing literacy in written and spoken language. Post-lingual deaf users can typically read and write fluently, mak…
- Pre-lingual Deafness (Pre-linguistic Deafness, Congenital Deafness)
- Deafness that occurs before a person acquires spoken language, either present from birth or developing in early childhood. People with pre-lingual deafness typically use sign language as their primary…
- Reading Literacy (Print Literacy, Text Literacy)
- The ability to read and comprehend written text. In accessibility research with Deaf and Hard of Hearing populations, reading literacy is an important consideration because English literacy rates are …
- Real-Time Captioning (Live Captioning, CART, Communication Access Realtime Translation)
- The process of converting spoken language into text display in real time, typically with only a few seconds of delay. Professional real-time captioning (CART) uses stenographers with specialised short…
- Real-Time Captioning (CART, Communication Access Realtime Translation, Live Captioning, Real-Time Text)
- The instant conversion of spoken language into text displayed simultaneously as speech occurs, provided either by a trained human captioner or through automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology. Re…
- Remote Interpretation (Remote Sign Language Interpreting, Distance Interpreting)
- The provision of sign language or spoken language interpretation services through technology platforms that use live video streaming, allowing the interpreter to work from a different location than th…
- Remote interpreting (Video remote interpreting, VRI, Remote sign language interpreting)
- The provision of sign language interpretation or other communication access services through video technology, where the interpreter is located in a different physical space from the deaf or hard of h…