Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
44 results found in Natural Language Processing.
- AAC Corpus (AAC Text Corpus, Augmentative Communication Corpus)
- A collection of text produced by or representative of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) device users, used for training and evaluating language models and word prediction systems. AAC c…
- Attention Mechanism (Attention)
- A technique in neural networks that allows models to focus on relevant parts of the input when generating each part of the output, rather than relying solely on a fixed-length context vector. In seque…
- Automated Readability Scoring (ARSS, Automated Readability Scoring System, Readability Assessment)
- The use of computational methods to automatically evaluate the reading difficulty level of a text. Traditional readability formulas like Flesch-Kincaid and Dale-Chall use surface features such as aver…
- Automatic Readability Assessment (Readability Prediction, Reading Level Assessment)
- The computational task of predicting how difficult a text is for a reader, usually expressed as a grade level or a readability score. Modern systems treat readability as a machine-learning classificat…
- Automatic Text Simplification (ATS, Automated Simplification)
- The use of computational methods to reduce the complexity of text while preserving its meaning, making it more accessible to readers with disabilities or limited literacy. Automatic text simplificatio…
- BLEU Score (BiLingual Evaluation Understudy, BLEU)
- A metric for evaluating the quality of machine-generated text by comparing it to one or more reference (human-written) translations. BLEU calculates precision by counting how many n-grams (sequences o…
- Chart Question Answering (Chart QA, ChartQA, Visual Question Answering for Charts)
- The task of answering natural-language questions about a data visualization, typically a chart provided as an image or structured specification. A chart question answering system must identify the cha…
- Coh-Metrix
- A web-based tool developed at the University of Memphis that analyses text on more than a hundred measures of language, cohesion, and readability, including referential and semantic cohesion, lexical …
- Coreference (Coreference Resolution, Anaphora Resolution)
- The linguistic phenomenon of two or more expressions in a text referring to the same real-world entity — for example, "Sam", "she", and "the scientist" all referring to the same person. Coreference re…
- Corpus (Language Corpus, Text Corpus, British National Corpus, BNC)
- A corpus is a large, structured collection of texts used to train, tune, or evaluate language-processing systems. Representative examples include the British National Corpus (BNC, 100 million words of…
- Diphone (Diphone Synthesis)
- A unit of speech used in text-to-speech synthesis, consisting of the transition from the middle of one phoneme to the middle of the next. Diphone-based synthesis works by recording a set of all possib…
- Direct Machine Translation (Direct MT, Dictionary-Based Machine Translation)
- The simplest machine-translation paradigm: source-language words are translated into target-language words using a bilingual dictionary, with limited or no syntactic analysis and only shallow reorderi…
- Entity Density (Entity-Density Features)
- A discourse-level readability feature measuring how many distinct entities — named entities (people, places, organisations) and general nouns — a text introduces per sentence or document. High entity …
- Entity Grid (Entity-Grid Model)
- A model of local text coherence proposed by Barzilay and Lapata (2008) that represents a document as a two-dimensional grid: rows are sentences, columns are salient entities, and each cell records the…
- Error Taxonomy (Error Classification, Error Typology)
- A systematic classification of the types of errors that users or learners commonly make, organised into categories based on the nature, source, or linguistic level of the error. In accessibility and e…
- Evocation (Word Association Strength, Semantic Evocation)
- A measure of how strongly one word brings another word to mind, reflecting the associative connections between concepts in human semantic memory. Unlike formal semantic relationships such as synonymy …
- Extractive Summarization (Extractive Text Summarization)
- Extractive summarization is a natural language processing technique that creates summaries by selecting and preserving key words, phrases, or sentences directly from the original text, rather than gen…
- Few-Shot Prompting (In-Context Learning, Few-Shot Learning)
- A technique for guiding large language models by providing a small number of examples within the input prompt to demonstrate the desired task or output format. In accessibility applications, few-shot …
- Gold-Standard Evaluation (Gold Standard, Reference Standard Evaluation)
- An evaluation methodology in natural language processing and generation where system output is compared against a set of pre-established correct or ideal responses. In text-based systems, gold-standar…
- Interlingua (Interlingual Representation, Interlingual MT)
- In machine translation, a language-neutral semantic representation that serves as an intermediate form between the source and target languages. An interlingual MT system first analyses the source text…