Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
44 results found in natural language processing.
- N-gram (Bigram, Trigram, Unigram)
- A contiguous sequence of n items (typically words) from a text, used in language modeling to predict the probability of a word based on its predecessors. A unigram considers single words in isolation,…
- Named Entity Recognition (NER)
- A natural language processing technique that identifies and classifies named entities in text into predefined categories such as person names, locations, organizations, quantities, and domain-specific…
- Natural Language Generation (NLG, Text Generation)
- A subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics focused on automatically producing human-readable text from structured data or other non-linguistic representations. In accessibilit…
- Natural Language Processing (NLP, Computational Linguistics)
- A branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. In accessibility, NLP powers voice-based assistive technologies, automatic captioning,…
- Polysemy (Polysemous Words)
- The property of a word having multiple related meanings or senses. For example, the word "bank" can refer to a financial institution or the edge of a river. Polysemy creates particular challenges for …
- Prompt Chaining (Chained Prompting, Sequential Prompting)
- A technique for interacting with large language models where multiple prompts are issued in sequence, with each prompt building on the output of the previous one to achieve a more refined or accurate …
- SARI (System output Against References and against the Input sentence)
- An automatic evaluation metric for text simplification systems that compares a system’s output against both the original input sentence and a set of human-written simplification references, rewarding …
- Semantic distance (Semantic similarity, Word embedding distance)
- A computational measure of how different two words are in meaning, typically derived from word embedding models like word2vec that represent words as vectors in a high-dimensional space. In caption ev…
- Sentiment Analysis (Opinion Mining)
- A natural language processing technique that identifies and extracts subjective information from text, classifying it as positive, negative, or neutral. In accessibility research, sentiment analysis c…
- Sign Language Generation (Sign Language Synthesis, Signing Generation)
- The automatic production of sign language content, typically through computer-generated animations of signing avatars or video synthesis. Sign language generation systems convert text or symbolic repr…
- Speech Repair (Self-Correction, Speech Self-Repair, Command Correction)
- Speech repair is the process of correcting or modifying a spoken utterance after it has been produced, either within the same turn or in a subsequent one. In natural conversation, speakers commonly in…
- Spoken Dialog System (SDS, Voice Dialog System, Conversational AI)
- A computer system that uses speech as both input and output to conduct goal-oriented conversations with users. Unlike simple voice command systems, spoken dialog systems can handle multi-turn exchange…
- Text Simplification (Automatic Text Simplification, Content Simplification)
- The process of transforming complex written text into simpler, more understandable versions while preserving the essential meaning. Text simplification can be performed manually by content authors fol…
- Topic Modeling (LDA, Latent Dirichlet Allocation)
- A machine learning technique that automatically discovers abstract themes or topics within a collection of documents by analyzing patterns of word co-occurrence. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is t…
- Topic Segmentation (Text Segmentation, Topicalisation)
- A natural language processing technique that automatically divides a document into coherent sections based on changes in topic or subject matter. Topic segmentation algorithms detect boundaries where …
- Toxicity detection (Content toxicity scoring, Toxic speech detection)
- An NLP-based content moderation technique that assigns scores to text indicating the likelihood it is rude, disrespectful, or likely to make someone leave a conversation. Research has shown that toxic…
- Trigram (3-gram)
- A sequence of three consecutive words used in statistical language modeling for word prediction. Trigram models predict the next word based on the two preceding words, capturing more context than simp…
- Visual Dialogue (Visual Dialog, VisDial)
- Visual dialogue is an AI task that involves holding a multi-turn natural language conversation about visual content such as an image or video frame. Unlike single-turn visual question answering (VQA),…
- Word Embedding (Word Vector, Distributed Word Representation)
- A technique in natural language processing that represents words as numerical vectors in a multi-dimensional space, where words with similar meanings are positioned closer together. Word embeddings en…
- Word Frequency (Lexical Frequency)
- A measure of how often a word occurs in a given language or text corpus. High-frequency words like common function words are encountered regularly and recognized quickly, while low-frequency words are…