Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
20 results found in speech recognition.
- Automated Speech Recognition (ASR, Speech-to-Text, Voice Recognition)
- Technology that converts spoken language into written text using machine learning and signal processing algorithms. In accessibility, ASR is used for real-time captioning, voice control of devices and…
- Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) (ASR, Speech-to-Text, Voice Recognition, Auto-Captioning)
- Technology that converts spoken language into written text using computational algorithms and machine learning models. ASR powers auto-captioning features in video conferencing, media players, and ass…
- Caption quality metric (ACE metric, Caption evaluation metric)
- A measure designed to predict how understandable automatically generated captions are for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing users, as an alternative to standard Word Error Rate which correlates poorly with act…
- Code-switching (Language switching, Code-mixing)
- Code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages, dialects, or communication styles within a single conversation or even a single sentence. It is common in multilingual hous…
- DementiaBank
- A shared database of multimedia interactions for the study of communication in dementia, maintained as part of the TalkBank system. DementiaBank contains longitudinal recordings of people with Alzheim…
- Dialog Act (Dialogue Act, Speech Act)
- A classification label representing the communicative intention behind a spoken or written utterance in a conversational system. In the context of accessible technology, dialog acts are used to interp…
- Distant speech recognition (Far-field ASR, Far-field speech recognition)
- Automatic speech recognition performed on audio captured by microphones positioned at a distance from the speaker (typically 2+ meters), rather than close-talk input from headsets or handheld devices.…
- Dysarthric Speech (Dysarthria)
- Dysarthric speech is speech that is affected by dysarthria, a motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury or conditions that affect the muscles used for speech production. Characteristics…
- Error-spread modelling (Error propagation modelling, Error radiation)
- An approach to evaluating the impact of speech recognition errors that accounts for how a single misrecognized word degrades comprehension of its neighbouring words, not just the word itself. For exam…
- Goodness of Pronunciation (GOP, GOP Score)
- A computational measure used in automatic speech recognition to assess how closely a spoken utterance matches expected pronunciation patterns. GOP scores are calculated by comparing phone sequences fr…
- Hidden Markov Model (HMM)
- A statistical model used extensively in pattern recognition where the system being modeled is assumed to follow a Markov process with hidden (unobserved) states. HMMs have been foundational in both au…
- SLPAT (Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies)
- A special interest group jointly supported by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA), focused on speech and language technolo…
- Vocal Programming (Voice Coding, Speech-Based Programming, Voice Programming)
- The practice of writing, editing, and navigating computer code using speech recognition rather than keyboard input. Vocal programming is an important accessibility concern because conventional softwar…
- Voice Recognition (Speech Recognition, Voice Control, Voice Input)
- Technology that identifies and processes human speech to convert it into text or execute commands. Voice recognition serves as a critical assistive technology for people with motor disabilities who ca…
- Voice User Interface (VUI, Voice Command Interface, Voice Interface)
- An interface that allows users to interact with a device or application through spoken language commands rather than touch, mouse, or keyboard input. Voice user interfaces use automated speech recogni…
- Wake Word (Hotword, Trigger Word, Activation Word)
- A specific word or phrase that activates a voice-controlled device, such as "Hey Google," "Alexa," or "Hey Siri." The wake word must be spoken before any command for the device to begin listening. Wak…
- Word Error Rate (WER)
- A metric used to evaluate the accuracy of automatic speech recognition (ASR) and captioning systems, calculated as the number of word-level errors (insertions, deletions, and substitutions) divided by…
- Word Lattice (Recognition Lattice, Speech Lattice)
- A graph data structure produced by a speech recognizer that represents multiple competing word hypotheses explored during recognition, along with their acoustic and language model scores. Each path th…
- Word error rate (WER)
- The standard metric for evaluating automatic speech recognition accuracy, calculated as the number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions divided by the total number of words in the reference tra…
- iVector (Identity Vector, i-vector)
- A low-dimensional representation of voice characteristics widely used in speaker recognition and verification systems. iVectors capture many acoustic aspects of a speaker's voice in a compact form, ma…