Literature Reviews

Reviewed research papers, articles, and publications relevant to digital accessibility.

• Making VRML Accessible for People with Disabilities

  Sandy Ressler, Qiming Wang (1998) — Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presents a taxonomy of techniques for making Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) environments accessible to people with disabilities. Written at a time when…

  • virtual reality
  • VRML
  • virtual environments
  • audio feedback
  • spatialized audio
  • keyboard navigation
  • speech input
  • navigational aids
  • text descriptions

• VRML-Based Representations of ASL Fingerspelling on the World Wide Web

  S. Augustine Su, Richard K. Furuta (1998) — Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper presents techniques for representing American Sign Language (ASL) fingerspelling using 3D hand models in VRML 2.0 (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) on the World Wide Web. The authors argue that VRML offers a more effective way to documen…

  • sign language
  • American Sign Language
  • fingerspelling
  • VRML
  • virtual reality
  • web accessibility
  • deaf accessibility
  • 3D modeling
  • animation

• Computer Generated 3-Dimensional Models of Manual Alphabet Handshapes for the World Wide Web

  Sarah Geitz, Timothy Hanson, Stephen Maher (1996) — Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from Gallaudet University and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center presents a web-based teaching tool for learning American Sign Language (ASL) fingerspelling through interactive 3D computer models. The authors created VRML (Virtual Reality Mo…

  • sign language
  • deaf accessibility
  • fingerspelling
  • virtual reality
  • VRML
  • 3D modeling
  • e-learning
  • American Sign Language