Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
44 results found in natural language processing.
- Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA, Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification)
- A natural language processing technique that identifies both the specific topics or aspects being discussed in text (such as food quality, customer service, or pricing in a restaurant review) and the …
- Atomic Facts (Atomic Claims)
- Self-contained units of information extracted from longer text, each representing a single verifiable claim or observation. In AI reliability research, decomposing model responses into atomic facts en…
- BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)
- A natural language processing model developed by Google that uses bidirectional training to understand context from both directions in a sentence. BERT and its variants like SBERT (Sentence-BERT) are …
- Chain-of-Thought Prompting (CoT Prompting)
- A technique for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models by instructing them to break down complex tasks into intermediate reasoning steps before producing a final answer. In acce…
- Clue and Reasoning Prompting (CARP, Clue-and-Reasoning Prompting)
- A prompt engineering strategy for large language models that instructs the model to first identify textual clues (keywords, phrases, contextual information) in the input and then perform diagnostic re…
- Content Summarization (Text Summarization, Automated Summarization)
- The process of condensing longer text content into shorter, focused summaries that capture the essential information. In accessibility contexts, content summarization addresses the information overloa…
- Controlled Language (Controlled Natural Language, CL)
- An explicitly defined restriction of a natural language that specifies constraints on vocabulary, grammar, and style to improve clarity, consistency, and machine processability of text. In accessibili…
- Data-to-Text (Data-to-Text Generation, Data-to-Text NLG)
- A subfield of natural language generation (NLG) that automatically produces human-readable text from structured data, such as databases, spreadsheets, or sensor readings. Data-to-text systems analyze …
- Dialog Act (Dialogue Act, Speech Act)
- A classification label representing the communicative intention behind a spoken or written utterance in a conversational system. In the context of accessible technology, dialog acts are used to interp…
- Directional Stimulus Prompting (DSP)
- A prompt engineering technique for large language models that provides specific keywords or directional stimuli to guide the model toward generating output focused on particular aspects or attributes.…
- Error-spread modelling (Error propagation modelling, Error radiation)
- An approach to evaluating the impact of speech recognition errors that accounts for how a single misrecognized word degrades comprehension of its neighbouring words, not just the word itself. For exam…
- Fluency (Text fluency, Grammatical fluency)
- In natural language processing and text simplification, fluency is the degree to which a piece of text is grammatically correct and reads naturally in the target language. It is one of three standard …
- Goodness of Pronunciation (GOP, GOP Score)
- A computational measure used in automatic speech recognition to assess how closely a spoken utterance matches expected pronunciation patterns. GOP scores are calculated by comparing phone sequences fr…
- Grammaticality (Grammatical correctness, Grammatical acceptability)
- The degree to which a sentence conforms to the grammatical rules of a language. In accessibility and NLP research, grammaticality is typically assessed via a 5-point Likert subjective judgement (e.g.,…
- Language Model (Statistical Language Model, LM)
- A computational model that assigns probabilities to sequences of words, enabling prediction of likely next words or sentences in text. In assistive technology, language models power word and sentence …
- Language Understanding Intelligent Service (LUIS, Azure LUIS)
- A cloud-based Microsoft Azure service that applies machine learning to natural language text to predict meaning and extract relevant information. LUIS identifies user intents (what they want to do) an…
- Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA, Latent Semantic Indexing, LSI)
- A natural language processing technique that uses mathematical methods (Singular Value Decomposition) to identify patterns in relationships between words and concepts within a large corpus of text. In…
- Levenshtein Distance (Edit Distance)
- A metric that measures the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions, and substitutions) needed to transform one string into another. In accessibility research, Levenshtein dista…
- Lexical Elaboration (Vocabulary Elaboration)
- A text adaptation technique that makes content more accessible by adding explanatory information for complex or unfamiliar words, rather than replacing or removing them. Unlike text simplification, wh…
- Lexical Semantics
- The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words and the relationships between word meanings, including synonymy, antonymy, and the semantic roles words can fill in sentences. In assistiv…