Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
6660 terms — page 74 of 333
- Continuous Voice Control (Continuous Vocal Control, Proportional Voice Control)
- A voice interaction paradigm in which vocal parameters such as pitch, loudness, vowel quality, and timbre are used to provide smooth, proportional, real-time control of a system, as opposed to discret…
- Contrast Ratio (Color Contrast Ratio, Luminance Contrast Ratio)
- A numerical measure of the difference in perceived brightness between two colors, expressed as a ratio ranging from 1:1 (no contrast) to 21:1 (maximum contrast, black on white). WCAG 2.2 requires a mi…
- Contrast Sensitivity
- The ability to distinguish between objects and their background based on differences in luminance or color. Contrast sensitivity is distinct from visual acuity and can be reduced even when acuity is r…
- Contrastive Decoding (Visual Contrastive Decoding, VCD)
- Contrastive decoding is a technique for reducing hallucinations in large language model and multimodal AI outputs by comparing token probability distributions across different input conditions. The co…
- Contrastive Learning (Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning)
- Contrastive learning is a machine learning technique that trains models to produce vector embeddings by maximising similarity between representations of the same or augmented instance (positive pairs)…
- Control Surface (Hardware Controller, Mixing Console Controller)
- A control surface is a hardware device with physical knobs, sliders, and buttons that maps to the controls of a software application, most commonly a digital audio workstation (DAW). For people with v…
- Controlled Language (Controlled Natural Language, CL)
- An explicitly defined restriction of a natural language that specifies constraints on vocabulary, grammar, and style to improve clarity, consistency, and machine processability of text. In accessibili…
- Controlled Language (CL, Controlled Natural Language)
- A restricted subset of a natural language that limits vocabulary, grammar, and style to reduce ambiguity and improve clarity and consistency in writing. In accessibility, controlled language rules can…
- Convenience Sampling (Availability Sampling, Accidental Sampling)
- A non-probability sampling method in which participants are selected based on their availability and willingness to participate rather than through systematic selection criteria. In accessibility rese…
- Convergence Insufficiency (CI)
- A binocular vision disorder in which the eyes have difficulty turning inward (converging) to focus on nearby objects, causing symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, headaches, difficulty reading,…
- Conversation Analysis (CA)
- A qualitative research methodology that studies the sequential organization and interactional dynamics of naturally occurring talk and social interaction. Conversation analysis examines fine-grained d…
- Conversational AI (Chat AI, AI Chatbot)
- Artificial intelligence systems designed to engage in dialogue with users through natural language, including chatbots, virtual assistants, and generative AI interfaces. Conversational AI has accessib…
- Conversational Agency (Communicative Agency)
- An individual's capacity to express themselves and achieve their communicative goals within a conversation. Conversational agency encompasses not just the ability to transmit messages but also the abi…
- Conversational Agent (Chatbot, Virtual Assistant, AI Assistant)
- A software system that uses natural language processing to engage in dialogue with users, answering questions and providing information through text or speech. In accessibility contexts, conversationa…
- Conversational Assistant (Voice Assistant, Virtual Assistant, Intelligent Personal Assistant)
- A software application that uses natural language processing and speech recognition to interact with users through spoken or typed conversation, providing information, performing tasks, and controllin…
- Conversational Flow (Dialogue Flow, Conversation Rhythm)
- The natural rhythm and progression of a conversation, including the smooth exchange of turns, timely responses, appropriate pauses, and coherent topic development. Conversational flow depends on both …
- Conversational Gesture (Interaction Gesture, Dialogue Primitive)
- A conversational gesture is an atomic building block of human-computer dialogue — a simple, well-defined interaction pattern that enables communication between user and machine. In graphical user inte…
- Conversational Glanceability (Conversational Layout Support)
- A proposed design approach that uses conversational AI agents to provide blind and visually impaired users with the equivalent of visual glanceability—the ability to quickly scan and identify content …
- Conversational Interface (Conversational UI, Voice User Interface, VUI)
- A user interface that enables interaction through natural language, either spoken or typed, allowing users to communicate with a system using conversational dialogue rather than traditional graphical …
- Conversational Interface (Conversational UI, Conversational User Interface, Chat Interface)
- An interface that enables interaction through natural language dialogue, either spoken or text-based, rather than through traditional graphical controls like buttons and menus. Conversational interfac…