Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
66 results found in machine learning.
- Foundation Model (Large Pretrained Model, General-Purpose AI Model, GPAI)
- A foundation model is a large AI model trained on broad, general-purpose data — typically at massive scale using self-supervised or unsupervised learning — that can be adapted (fine-tuned) for a wide …
- Frame differencing (Temporal differencing, Background subtraction)
- A computer vision technique that detects motion or changes in video by comparing consecutive frames pixel by pixel. In accessibility applications, frame differencing can identify instructor actions in…
- Gesture Recognition (Gesture Detection)
- The computational process of identifying and interpreting human gestures—typically hand, arm, or body movements—using sensors and machine learning algorithms. Gesture recognition systems analyze data …
- Hidden Markov Model (HMM)
- A statistical model used extensively in pattern recognition where the system being modeled is assumed to follow a Markov process with hidden (unobserved) states. HMMs have been foundational in both au…
- Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG)
- A feature descriptor technique used in computer vision for object detection that counts occurrences of gradient orientations in localized portions of an image. HOG captures edge and texture informatio…
- Human Activity Recognition (HAR, Activity Recognition)
- A field of machine learning and ubiquitous computing that uses sensor data — typically from accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other sensors in smartphones, smartwatches, or other wearable devices — to a…
- Image Classification (Visual Classification, Photo Classification)
- A computer vision task where a machine learning model assigns a category label to an input image based on its visual content. Image classifiers are trained on labeled example images and learn to recog…
- Image Retrieval (Content-Based Image Retrieval, CBIR, Visual Search)
- A computer vision technique that searches a database of images to find ones similar to a query image based on visual features rather than text metadata. In accessibility applications, image retrieval …
- ImageNet
- ImageNet is a large-scale visual database containing over 14 million labeled images organized into thousands of categories, widely used for training and benchmarking computer vision models. Many objec…
- Individual Sign Language Recognition (ISLR, Word-Level Sign Recognition, Isolated Sign Recognition)
- A machine learning task focused on recognizing individual signs from a sign language, translating single signs independently without considering surrounding context. Unlike continuous sign language re…
- Instance-Level Recognition (Instance Recognition, Fine-Grained Recognition)
- A computer vision task that involves distinguishing between specific individual objects within the same general category, rather than just identifying broad categories. For example, while category-lev…
- Isolated Sign Language Recognition (isolated SLR, word-level sign recognition)
- A sign language recognition task that focuses on identifying individual, pre-segmented signs rather than continuous signing sequences. In isolated SLR, each sign is captured as a separate video clip w…
- Isolated Sign Recognition (ISR, ISLR)
- A computer vision and machine learning task focused on identifying individual signs from video recordings where each video contains a single sign production, as opposed to continuous sign language rec…
- K-Shot Learning (N-Way K-Shot Learning)
- A machine learning paradigm where a model must learn to classify objects using only k training examples per class. In the context of accessibility, k-shot learning is significant because it enables as…
- Machine Teaching (Interactive Machine Teaching)
- A paradigm in human-computer interaction where non-expert users guide the training of machine learning models through interactive feedback, such as providing examples, labels, or corrections. Unlike t…
- Markov Logic Networks (MLN, MLNs)
- A machine learning framework that combines first-order logic with probabilistic graphical models to handle uncertainty in rule-based reasoning. In assistive technology contexts, MLNs enable context-aw…
- Mel Spectrogram (Mel-frequency Spectrogram, Log Mel Spectrogram)
- A visual representation of sound that maps audio frequencies onto the mel scale, which approximates how humans perceive pitch — compressing higher frequencies and expanding lower ones to match the non…
- Motion History Image (MHI)
- A computer vision technique that represents motion in video sequences as a single grayscale image, where pixel intensity indicates recency of movement. Brighter pixels represent more recent motion whi…
- Multimodal Features (multimodal data, multimodal fusion)
- Information extracted from multiple sensory channels or data types—such as combining visual (RGB), depth, audio, and skeletal data—to improve recognition accuracy. In accessibility systems, multimodal…
- Named Entity Recognition (NER)
- A natural language processing technique that identifies and classifies named entities in text into predefined categories such as person names, locations, organizations, quantities, and domain-specific…