Literature Reviews

Reviewed research papers, articles, and publications relevant to digital accessibility.

• Online Quality Control for Real-Time Crowd Captioning

  Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham (2012) — Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2012)

  This paper addresses quality control in Legion:Scribe, a system that provides real-time captioning by having multiple non-expert crowd workers simultaneously type what they hear, then automatically merging their partial transcriptions into a single c…

  • real-time captioning
  • crowdsourcing
  • deaf and hard of hearing
  • automatic speech recognition
  • human computation
  • quality control
  • CART

• Mixed Local and Remote Participation in Teleconferences from a Deaf and Hard of Hearing Perspective

  Christian Vogler, Paula Tucker, Norman Williams (2013) — Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This experience report describes the accessibility challenges faced by deaf and hard of hearing members of the FCC's Emergency Access Advisory Committee (EAAC) during 2.5 years of collaboration with 25-30 hearing committee members in mixed local and …

  • deaf accessibility
  • hard of hearing
  • teleconferencing
  • videoconferencing
  • sign language
  • CART
  • video relay service
  • remote participation
  • telecommunications accessibility

• Accessibility Evaluation of Classroom Captions

  Raja S. Kushalnagar, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham (2014) — ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of real-time captioning approaches for classroom lectures, comparing Communication Access Realtime Translation (CART), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), and a novel collaborative captioning system call…

  • real-time captioning
  • deaf and hard of hearing
  • classroom accessibility
  • crowdsourcing
  • eye tracking
  • CART
  • ASR
  • caption readability

• Tracked Speech-To-Text Display: Enhancing Accessibility and Readability of Real-Time Speech-To-Text

  Raja S. Kushalnagar, Gary W. Behm, Aaron W. Kelstone, Shareef Ali (2015) — ASSETS '15: Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility

  This research addresses a subtle but significant barrier facing deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students in educational settings: visual dispersion. While hearing students can simultaneously watch lecture visuals (slides, demonstrations, whiteboard) a…

  • deaf and hard of hearing
  • speech-to-text
  • CART
  • captioning
  • education
  • visual dispersion
  • classroom accessibility
  • real-time captioning
  • C-Print

• Improving Real-Time Captioning Experiences for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

  Saba Kawas, George Karalis, Tzu Wen, Richard E. Ladner (2016) — Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '16)

  This paper takes a holistic, qualitative approach to understanding deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) university students' experiences with real-time captioning in mainstream classrooms, examining both human-based captioning (CART — Communication Access …

  • deaf and hard of hearing
  • real-time captioning
  • CART
  • automatic speech recognition
  • education
  • co-design
  • inclusive design
  • captioning
  • classroom accessibility

• Exploration of Automatic Speech Recognition for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Higher Education Classes

  Janine Butler, Brian Trager, Byron Behm (2019) — Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2019)

  This paper presents a qualitative study of how deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (Rochester Institute of Technology) experienced automatic speech recognition (ASR) as a supplemental access servic…

  • speech recognition
  • Deaf and hard of hearing
  • captioning
  • higher education
  • real-time captions
  • CART
  • sign language interpreter
  • word error rate
  • STEM accessibility

• CARTGPT: Real-Time Correction of CART Captions Using Large Language Models

  Liang-Yuan Wu, Andrea Kleiver, Dhruv Jain (2025) — ASSETS 2025: 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper introduces CARTGPT, a real-time system that enhances Communication Access Realtime Translation (CART) captions by combining human-generated CART transcripts with automatic speech recognition (ASR) output and using GPT-4 to detect and corre…

  • deaf and hard of hearing
  • real-time captioning
  • CART
  • large language models
  • automatic speech recognition
  • caption accuracy
  • hybrid captioning