Literature Reviews
Reviewed research papers, articles, and publications relevant to digital accessibility.
25 results found tagged real-time captioning.
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Usability Evaluation of Captions for People Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
This is a SIGACCESS Newsletter article summarizing a line of research by Kafle and Huenerfauth on building a caption-quality evaluation metric that actually reflects the experience of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) readers — rather than simply counti…
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Speech Recognition in University Classrooms: Liberated Learning Project
This paper describes the Liberated Learning Project (LLP), an international applied research initiative studying whether speech recognition technology can successfully convert live university lectures into real-time text displays, serving as an alter…
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Online Quality Control for Real-Time Crowd Captioning
This paper addresses quality control in Legion:Scribe, a system that provides real-time captioning by having multiple non-expert crowd workers simultaneously type what they hear, then automatically merging their partial transcriptions into a single c…
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Crowd Caption Correction (CCC)
This short paper presents Crowd Caption Correction (CCC), a feature that allows meeting participants or authorized third parties to correct errors in real-time captions during telecollaboration sessions. Captions are critical for deaf and hard of hea…
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Real-Time Captioning by Groups of Non-Experts
This paper presents Legion:Scribe, an end-to-end system that enables groups of non-expert typists to collectively produce real-time captions for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people, offering a cheaper and more available alternative to professional …
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ClassInFocus: Enabling Improved Visual Attention Strategies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
This paper presents ClassInFocus, a system designed to help deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students manage the demanding visual attention requirements of modern multi-modal classrooms. DHH students face a unique challenge: while hearing students can …
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Adaptive Time Windows for Real-Time Crowd Captioning
This paper addresses a key barrier to real-time captioning access for deaf and hard of hearing people: the high cost of professional stenographers, who can charge up to $200 per hour. Building on the Legion:Scribe system, which demonstrated that grou…
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Real-Time Captioning by Non-Experts with Legion Scribe
This short paper introduces Legion Scribe (Scribe), a system that enables 3-5 non-expert typists to collectively caption speech in real time, achieving accuracy approaching that of a professional stenographer at 20-30% of the cost. The system address…
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Scribe: Deep Integration of Human and Machine Intelligence to Caption Speech in Real Time
Scribe is a system that provides on-demand, real-time captioning of live speech for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people by combining groups of non-expert human captionists with machine intelligence. The system addresses a critical accessibility gap…
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A Readability Evaluation of Real-Time Crowd Captions in the Classroom
This paper evaluates the readability of real-time captions produced by three different approaches in a higher education classroom setting: professional CART (Communication Access Realtime Translation) captionists, automatic speech recognition (ASR), …