Glossary
Searchable terminology from accessibility, web standards, and related fields.
6660 terms — page 273 of 333
- Spatial Reference (ASL) (Spatial Reference Point, Locus, ASL Spatial Reference)
- In American Sign Language and other signed languages, the use of points in the signing space in front of the signer as invisible placeholders for entities under discussion — people, objects, or concep…
- Spatial Representation (Spatial Mental Model)
- A cognitive structure that encodes information about the layout, distances, and relationships between locations in an environment. For blind and partially sighted people, spatial representations are b…
- Spatial Scene Reading (Direct Touch Scene Reading)
- A mode of scene reading interaction where users continuously drag their finger across a touchscreen to freely explore a virtual environment, with objects identified and announced as the finger passes …
- Spatial Understanding (Spatial Cognition, Spatial Awareness)
- The ability to comprehend and reason about the positions, sizes, shapes, and relationships of objects in three-dimensional space. Spatial understanding presents a significant accessibility challenge f…
- Spatial audio beacon (Audio beacon, 3D audio waypoint)
- A virtual sound source placed at a specific geographic location that a user can hear through headphones, providing directional guidance by leveraging spatial audio to indicate the direction and distan…
- Spatial cognition (Spatial awareness, Cognitive mapping)
- The mental processes involved in perceiving, storing, recalling, and using information about spatial environments — including the locations of objects, distances between them, routes through spaces, a…
- Spatial sensitivity (Personal space sensitivity, Proxemic sensitivity)
- Heightened awareness of and discomfort with the physical proximity of others or objects, particularly common among autistic individuals and people with anxiety or PTSD. Spatial sensitivity involves st…
- Spatial substrate
- A framework describing the orientation and positioning of information within a design space, using axes and a coordinate system appropriate to how a user perceives content in that space. In the visual…
- Spatialised Audio (Spatial Audio, 3D Audio, Directional Audio)
- Audio technology that places sounds in specific locations in three-dimensional space relative to the listener, creating the perception that sounds come from particular directions or distances. In acce…
- Spatialization (Spatialisation, Audio Spatialization, 3D Audio Spatialization)
- The process of rendering a sound so that it appears to originate from a specific location in three-dimensional space around the listener. Spatialization typically combines head-related transfer functi…
- Spatialized Audio (3D Audio, Spatial Sound, Immersive Audio)
- Spatialized audio is a technology that creates the perception of sound coming from specific locations in three-dimensional space around the listener, using techniques such as head-related transfer fun…
- Spatialized Sound (Spatial Audio, 3D Audio, Spatialized Audio)
- Audio that is rendered with positional information so that it appears to originate from a specific location in three-dimensional space around the listener. Spatialized sound uses techniques like head-…
- Spatio-Temporal Modulation (STM)
- A rendering technique used in mid-air ultrasound haptics in which a single focal point is moved rapidly along a closed trajectory (commonly circular) while its intensity is modulated over time. When t…
- Spatiotemporal Saliency (Spatiotemporal Saliency Estimation, Spatio-Temporal Saliency)
- A computer vision technique that estimates, for each pixel in a video, how visually important it is at a given moment by combining spatial contrast (features that stand out within a frame) with tempor…
- Speaker Adaptation (Voice Adaptation, Speaker-Adaptive Training, Voice Personalization)
- Speaker adaptation is the process of adjusting an existing automatic speech recognition (ASR) system — usually one trained on a large, demographically broad corpus of able-bodied speakers — to a parti…
- Speaker Diarisation (Speaker Diarization, Speaker Segmentation)
- The automatic process of segmenting an audio recording by speaker identity — answering "who spoke when" — and labelling each segment. A critical pre-requisite for accessible transcripts of multi-voice…
- Speaker Diarization (Speaker Segmentation)
- The process of partitioning an audio stream into segments according to speaker identity, determining "who spoke when" in a multi-speaker recording or conversation. Speaker diarization is important for…
- Speaker Focus (Speaker Focus Mode, Speaker View)
- A video layout customization option that enlarges and centers the speaker while removing content overlays and auxiliary visual elements. Speaker Focus is designed for viewers who find pop-up graphics …
- Speaker Identification (Speaker ID, Speaker Attribution)
- Methods used in captions and subtitles to indicate which person is currently speaking, enabling viewers to follow conversations among multiple participants. Common in-text speaker identification techn…
- Speaker Segmentation (Person Segmentation, Human Segmentation)
- The process of identifying and isolating the speaker or presenter in a video frame, separating them from the background and other visual elements. Speaker segmentation uses computer vision models to c…