Literature Reviews

Reviewed research papers, articles, and publications relevant to digital accessibility.

• Towards Testing the Accessibility of Dynamic Visual Changes in Android Mobile GUI with Multi-Modal LLMs

  Mengxi Zhang, Jianlin Yu, Chen Xu, Jiqun Li, Xinglong Yin, Huaxiao Liu (2026) — ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction

  This paper addresses a long-standing gap in mobile accessibility testing: dynamic visual changes in Android GUIs that communicate task status or feedback to sighted users but are invisible to blind users of screen readers such as TalkBack. Examples i…

  • Android
  • mobile accessibility
  • screen readers
  • TalkBack
  • automated testing
  • large language models
  • GPT-4o
  • blind users
  • dynamic content
  • GUI testing
  • prompt engineering

• NoTeeline: Supporting Real-Time, Personalized Notetaking with LLM-Enhanced Micronotes

  Faria Huq, Abdus Samee, David Chuan-En Lin, Alice Xiaodi Tang, Jeffrey P. Bigham (2025) — Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI '25)

  This paper introduces NoTeeline, an interactive notetaking tool that uses LLMs to expand user-written "micronotes" — brief shorthand jottings like "plastic pol. ->" or "RNNs are unrolled l to r or opp" — into full-fledged notes that maintain the user…

  • large language models
  • writing assistance
  • personalization
  • notetaking
  • cognitive load
  • education
  • video accessibility
  • user agency

• Policy Maps: Tools for Guiding the Unbounded Space of LLM Behaviors

  Michelle S. Lam, Fred Hohman, Dominik Moritz, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Kenneth Holstein, Mary Beth Kery (2025) — Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '25)

  This paper introduces "policy maps," an approach to AI policy design for large language models inspired by physical mapmaking. The core insight is that comprehensive policy coverage over an unbounded space of LLM inputs and outputs is impossible — ju…

  • AI safety
  • AI policy
  • large language models
  • AI ethics
  • model evaluation
  • content moderation
  • data visualization
  • human-AI interaction
  • AI governance

• CodeA11y: Making AI Coding Assistants Useful for Accessible Web Development

  Peya Mowar, Yi-Hao Peng, Jason Wu, Aaron Steinfeld, Jeffrey P. Bigham (2025) — Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '25)

  This paper addresses a persistent problem: despite decades of accessibility standards and tools, ~96% of web pages contain accessibility violations. The authors argue that AI coding assistants like GitHub Copilot represent an untapped opportunity bec…

  • web accessibility
  • AI coding assistants
  • developer tools
  • WCAG
  • automated testing
  • GitHub Copilot
  • large language models
  • accessibility education
  • software development

• StepWrite: Adaptive Planning for Speech-Driven Text Generation

  Hamza El Alaoui, Atieh Taheri, Yi-Hao Peng, Jeffrey P. Bigham (2025) — Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '25)

  This paper introduces StepWrite, an LLM-powered voice-based writing system that enables structured, hands-free and eyes-free composition of longer-form texts. While speech-to-text tools handle short dictation well, composing structured emails or deta…

  • voice interface
  • speech-to-text
  • hands-free interaction
  • eyes-free interaction
  • large language models
  • text composition
  • cognitive load
  • adaptive planning
  • writing assistance
  • motor impairment
  • multitasking

• Morae: Proactively Pausing UI Agents for User Choices

  Yi-Hao Peng, Dingzeyu Li, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Amy Pavel (2025) — Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '25)

  This paper introduces Morae, a UI agent that proactively pauses during automated task execution to involve blind and low-vision (BLV) users in critical decisions, rather than completing tasks end-to-end without user input. The work is motivated by a …

  • UI agents
  • blind and low vision
  • large language models
  • human-agent interaction
  • user agency
  • mixed-initiative interaction
  • web accessibility
  • screen readers
  • artificial intelligence

• In-Page Navigation Aids for Screen-Reader Users with Automatic Topicalisation and Labelling

  Jorge Sassaki Resende Silva, Paula Christina Figueira Cardoso, Raphael Winckler De Bettio, Daniela Cardoso Tavares, Carlos Alberto Silva, Willian Massami Watanabe, Andre Pimenta Freire (2024) — ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper addresses a fundamental challenge for screen reader users: navigating lengthy web documents that lack proper heading structure. When web pages do not include semantic headings or internal navigation links, users must read content linearly,…

  • screen readers
  • navigation
  • natural language processing
  • topic segmentation
  • large language models
  • assistive technology
  • headings
  • BERT
  • ChatGPT

• Situated Understanding of Errors in Older Adults' Interactions with Voice Assistants: A Month-Long, In-Home Study

  Amama Mahmood, Junxiang Wang, Chien-Ming Huang (2026) — ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This month-long field study examined how 15 older adults (ages 66-94) interact with voice assistants in their homes, with a particular focus on errors and conversational breakdowns. The researchers deployed Amazon Echo Dot smart speakers augmented wi…

  • voice assistants
  • older adults
  • conversational AI
  • errors
  • smart speakers
  • large language models
  • aging
  • speech recognition
  • in-home study

• LaMPost: Design and Evaluation of an AI-assisted Email Writing Prototype for Adults with Dyslexia

  Steven M. Goodman, Erin Buehler, Patrick Clary, Andy Coenen, Aaron Donsbach, Tiffanie N. Horne, Michal Lahav, Robert MacDonald, Rain Breaw Michaels, Ajit Narayanan, Mahima Pushkarna, Joel Riley, Alex Santana, Lei Shi, Rachel Sweeney, Phil Weaver, Ann Yuan, Meredith Ringel Morris (2022) — Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '22)

  This paper introduces LaMPost, a prototype email-writing interface powered by Google's LaMDA large language model, designed to support adults with dyslexia through AI-assisted writing features. The research team, which included members with lived exp…

  • dyslexia
  • large language models
  • AI writing support
  • email
  • writing challenges
  • human-AI interaction
  • neurodiversity
  • text generation
  • accessibility tools

• An Autoethnographic Case Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence's Utility for Accessibility

  Kate S. Glazko, Momona Yamagami, Aashaka Desai, Kelly Avery Mack, Venkatesh Potluri, Xuhai Xu, Jennifer Mankoff (2023) — Proceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '23)

  This paper presents an autoethnographic case study in which seven accessibility researchers—both with and without disabilities—explored generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools over a three-month period to assess their potential for supporting …

  • generative AI
  • accessibility
  • autoethnography
  • assistive technology
  • disability
  • ChatGPT
  • large language models