Literature Reviews
Reviewed research papers, articles, and publications relevant to digital accessibility.
64 results found tagged captioning.
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Barriers to Employment: The Deaf Multimedia Authoring Tax
This paper from Gallaudet University describes through firsthand experience the enormous additional burden — termed the "deaf multimedia authoring tax" — that deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people face when creating accessible multimedia content for …
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The Effects of Automatic Speech Recognition Quality on Human Transcription Latency
This paper from Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Michigan empirically investigates when automatic speech recognition (ASR) output helps or hinders human transcriptionists producing captions for deaf and hard of hearing people. Manual …
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Scopist: Building a Skill Ladder into Crowd Transcription
This paper introduces Scopist, a JavaScript application designed to teach crowd workers stenotype — a chording-based text entry method used by professional real-time captioners — while they perform audio transcription microtasks. The research address…
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Internet of Things (IoT) as Assistive Technology: Potential Applications in Tertiary Education
This short paper explores how consumer Internet of Things (IoT) devices could serve as assistive technology for students with disabilities in tertiary education, based on qualitative interviews with five students representing hearing, mobility, print…
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Exploration of Automatic Speech Recognition for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Higher Education Classes
This paper presents a qualitative study of how deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (Rochester Institute of Technology) experienced automatic speech recognition (ASR) as a supplemental access servic…
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Evaluating the Benefit of Highlighting Key Words in Captions for People who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
This paper investigates whether visually highlighting important words in video captions benefits Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) users, through formative studies and a larger evaluation study. DHH users face a unique visual-attention challenge when wa…
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Breaking Boundaries with Live Transcribe: Expanding Use Cases Beyond Standard Captioning Scenarios
This short paper catalogs non-traditional, serendipitous uses of Google's Live Transcribe, a free Android application that provides real-time speech-to-text transcription in over 80 languages. The authors — a mix of Google developers, researchers, an…
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Deaf and hard-of-hearing users’ prioritization of genres of online video content requiring accurate captions
This paper investigates which genres of online video content Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) users consider most important to have accurately captioned. With over 400 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute and no U.S. legal mandate to caption…
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Effect of Caption Width on the TV User Experience by Deaf and Hard of Hearing Viewers
This study from Rochester Institute of Technology and Gallaudet University investigates how caption line width affects the viewing experience for Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) viewers. Captioning technology has not kept pace with the shift from broa…
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Beyond Subtitles: Captioning and Visualizing Non-speech Sounds to Improve Accessibility of User-Generated Videos
This paper investigates a significant gap in video captioning: the representation of non-speech sounds. While automatic speech recognition (ASR) has become widely available for generating captions on platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Zoom, these sy…