Literature Reviews
Reviewed research papers, articles, and publications relevant to digital accessibility.
14 results found tagged sign language animation.
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Design and Evaluation of an American Sign Language Generator
Huenerfauth, Zhao, Gu, and Allbeck (2007) describe the implementation and user evaluation of a prototype system for generating animations of American Sign Language (ASL) classifier predicates — spatially complex hand movements that trace the location…
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A Multi-Path Architecture for Machine Translation of English Text into American Sign Language Animation
Huenerfauth's 2004 student-research-workshop paper proposes a 'multi-path' (or 'pyramidal') architecture for English-to-American Sign Language machine translation that unifies the three classical MT paradigms — direct, transfer, and interlingua — int…
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American Sign Language natural language generation and machine translation
Matt Huenerfauth's 2005 paper describes a research programme to build an English-to-American Sign Language (ASL) machine translation (MT) system that generates animations of a 3D virtual-reality signing character. The author frames the project agains…
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Implementation and Evaluation of Animation Controls Sufficient for Conveying ASL Facial Expressions
This ASSETS 2014 short paper (2 pages) reports an infrastructure contribution to sign-language-animation research: the authors extended an existing virtual human character (Max, on the open-source EMBR animation platform) with a full set of MPEG-4 Fa…
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Empirical Investigation of Users' Preferred Timing Parameters for American Sign Language Animations
This CHI 2020 Late-Breaking Work (7 pages) investigates a narrow but consequential HCI question: what timing values should be used when generating American Sign Language (ASL) animations from a script, so that Deaf viewers find them comfortable to wa…
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Representing Coordination and Non-Coordination in an American Sign Language Animation
This paper introduces the Partition/Constitute (P/C) Formalism, a new computational representation for encoding the multichannel structure of American Sign Language (ASL) performances to support English-to-ASL machine translation and animation. ASL i…
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Modeling and Generating Sign Language as Animated Line Drawings
This paper from Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg introduces a system for generating sign language as animated line drawings rather than photorealistic 3D renderings. The authors argue that the prevailing approach of creating increasingly rea…
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Accessible Motion-Capture Glove Calibration Protocol for Recording Sign Language Data from Deaf Subjects
This paper addresses a critical bottleneck in sign language technology research: the calibration of motion-capture gloves used to record handshape data from deaf signers. Motion-capture gloves like the CyberGlove contain sensors that measure finger j…
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Modeling and Synthesizing Spatially Inflected Verbs for American Sign Language Animations
This paper presents a novel computational method for automatically synthesizing animations of American Sign Language (ASL) verbs that undergo spatial inflection — a grammatical process where verb motion paths change based on the 3D locations in space…
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Evaluating Importance of Facial Expression in American Sign Language and Pidgin Signed English Animations
This paper presents the first empirical evaluation of the impact of facial expressions on the understandability and perceived quality of American Sign Language (ASL) and Pidgin Signed English (PSE) computer animations. ASL animations have significant…